Category: Education

By Rebecca Brown and Jim Page

Wilbur.  For many of us who grew up watching Charlotte’s Web, the site of America’s Favorite Pig is a welcome one.  However, though Charlotte’s porky friend was certainly cute and friendly, we have come to learn in our adulthood that such is not always the case with pigs and hogs, specifically for those who have no farm to call home.  Feral hogs, or wild pigs, have caused some of the most significant negative impacts on our ecosystems.  In fact, some scientists say wild pigs are the greatest vertebrate modifier of natural communities in the United States. 

Their destruction isn’t just a byproduct of their rooting and feeding behavior; sometimes, it is a direct consequence of their feeding behavior.  Scientists have learned that one of the favorite foods of wild pigs residing on Georgia’s barrier islands is also one of Georgia’s most threatened species:  sea turtles, specifically their eggs.  Research has shown that wild pigs will often use their enhanced sense of smell to locate a sea turtle nest, dig them up, and eat the eggs, thereby negatively impacting a sea turtle population already struggling to rebound. Though such negative impacts on sea turtles along our coast have been known for years, it wasn’t until recently that additional coastal impacts by these pests were realized.   A recent study in the marshes of the Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve has discovered feral hogs can also reduce the resilience of our southeastern United States salt marshes.

Feral hogs have a hefty appetite for ribbed mussels, a bi-valve that grows together in mounds and is commonly found in the marshes of Georgia.  These mussels have a non-trophic relationship with cordgrass, or Spartina, that regulates the ecosystem structure and resilience of salt marshes.  Scientists have learned that cordgrass and ribbed mussel have a positive mutualistic relationship in that the waste produced by the mussels provides nutrients for the growth of cordgrass and the cordgrass provides substrate and shade for the mussel.

Though their aesthetic beauty is well documented in the poetry of Sidney Lanier, cordgrass serves a much more important purpose.  Cordgrass is the base of the coastal marsh ecosystem that provides many ecosystem services. 

Additionally, cordgrass are essential for saltmarsh recovery after a catastrophic event such as a severe drought.  Recovery time after a large die-off of cordgrass can be a few years when ribbed mussels are present, as compared to many decades to recover when mussels are not present.

The discovery of the impacts of increased mussel predation by wild pigs along the coast is certainly alarming.  The loss of ribbed mussels can significantly weaken the resilience of our coastal marshes and thereby reduce the ecosystem services these marshes provide us.  Our coastal ecosystems are already facing increased pressure as global climate change increases the length and severity of droughts, increases storm intensity and frequency, and causes sea levels to rise. The facilitating species in non-trophic positive interactions can buffer against abiotic stress, widen niches, increase population densities, and strengthen ecosystem multi-functionality.  As a result of the learned negative impacts these pot-bellied pests can create, management plans created by resource managers need to adjust accordingly.  This means taking a wider approach to factor in how invasive species like wild hogs can alter non-trophic positive interactions (e.g. cordgrass and ribbed mussel).  We must consider how we as resource managers can prevent when possible and overcome when challenged with these unfortunate scenarios.  If we don’t, we may be left with less than nothing, and even a pig like Wilbur knows that’s the lowest you can go.

More Information: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26504-4 

An estimated 100 million Americans go boating each year. In 2020, the Coast Guard counted 5,265 accidents that involved 767 deaths and 3,191 injuries. Compared to 2019, the number of accidents increased 26.3%, the number of deaths increased 25.1%, and the number of injuries increased 24.7%. Where the cause of death was known, 75% of fatal boating accident victims in 2020 drowned. Of those drowning victims with reported life jacket usage, 86% were not wearing a lifejacket. Where instruction was known, 77% of deaths occurred on boats where the operator did not receive boating safety instruction. Only 12% percent of deaths occurred on vessels where the operator had received a nationally-approved boating safety education certificate. Operator inattention, operator inexperience, improper lookout, excessive speed, and machinery failure rank as the top five primary contributing factors in boating accidents. (americanboating.org)

Do you consider yourself a competent boater?

You are headed toward open water and we see only one green buoy ahead, would you keep the buoy on your right side or keep the buoy on your left side? You are boating at night and you see a red and white light, would you maintain your current speed or slow down?

Georgia Boating Laws require all persons born on or after January 1, 1998, that operate any motorized vessel on the waters of the state must have completed a boat education course approved by the department prior to such operation. Even if you are of the age that you are not required to take the course, you should at least review the Georgia boating laws and responsibilities. A person is exempt if he or she is:

• a person licensed by the U.S. Coast Guard as a master of a vessel;
• a person operating on a private lake or pond;
• a non-resident who has in his or her possession proof that he or she has completed a NASBLA-approved boater education course or equivalency examination from another state.

You can take a boating education course in a classroom setting with the Department of Natural Resources, the United States Coast Guard, or the United States Power Squadrons. You can also take one of our approved online courses from the service providers listed below under On-Line Courses. Some courses have an associated cost, while others may be free.

More information: https://gadnrle.org/boating-education

The Small Impoundments Technical Committee is planning to host an aquatic plant workshop at the 2023 SDAFS annual meeting. Our goal is to provide identification as well as up-to-date control information for the most problematic aquatic species we are faced with within the Southeast. By polling SDAFS representatives from each state, we have developed a list of the top 23 problematic aquatic plants in southeastern impoundments. As new products and techniques are being used to control aquatic vegetation in both private and public water bodies in the Southeast, the informational literature is outdated. Therefore, we are polling professional applicators across the Southeast to gather more up-to-date control information that can be available to applicators. Please use this form and answer the questions for each plant listed below based on your own personal experiences, and in as much detail as you are willing.

NOTE: Obviously, choosing the best and most comprehensive weed control program for a particular body of water can be very subjective and requires a level of experience literature can’t provide. This poll is just intended to provide the best biological and chemical tools available to battle each plant species. Thus, for now, there is no need to mention other techniques such as retreatment, combining biological and chemical, shading with fertilization or dyes, deepening shallow areas, nutrient reduction, etc. There is no need to indicate any state restrictions for biological control or chemical control agents. Applicators should be aware of this already. Also, refrain from listing specific chemical application rates or possible water quality/toxicity issues as this information is listed in the product label and should be left to the discretion of the applicator in each situation.   

ANOTHER NOTE: You will be asked to provide the most effective chemical treatment for each plant; however, a different chemical treatment may be more practical or affordable in some situations. Provide that info in the “Additional Notes or Comments” section at the bottom. Also, if your control information for one plant is the same as another plant on the list, then you can just indicate that besides the plant’s name. If you have no experience controlling a particular plant, just leave blank.

Link: https://forms.gle/TEoQRESKwq1Eonrh9

WE NEED YOUR HELP

It was March 3, 2021 when wildlife agencies all across the United States were issued a warning about the discovery of zebra mussels found in aquarium moss balls.  After further investigation viable zebra mussels were found in multiple pet stores including Georgia.  Although zebra mussels have established populations in numerous locations in the U.S. Georgia has been lucky enough to keep them out of our waterways.

The pet stores have removed the moss balls from the shelves, but some people may have purchased contaminated moss balls.  It is important you check your aquariums if you have purchased moss balls in 2021.  There are steps you can take to remove them from your aquarium and dispose of them properly.  Detailed instructions for disposal of the moss balls and zebra mussels and how you can sanitize your aquariums can be found at https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/zebra-mussel-disposal.pdf.  NEVER DUMP YOUR AQUARIUM CONTENTS IN ANY LOCATION WHERE THEY COULD REACH LOCAL WATERWAYS.  https://georgiawildlife.com/ans

Zebra mussels are an aquatic invasive species that get their name from their dark zig-zag stripes.  They are a freshwater bivalve that has a maximum shell size of about 3 centimeters, and are usually found in large clusters. They are native to the Black, Caspian, and Azov Seas.

Zebra mussels probably arrived in the Great Lakes in the 1980s via ballast water that was discharged by large ships from Europe. They have spread rapidly throughout the Great Lakes region and into the large rivers of the eastern Mississippi drainage. They have also been found in Texas, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.

One unique feature the zebra mussel has that our native mussels lack are byssal threads extending from underneath their shell that allow it to attach to hard objects, surfaces, or other mussels.  Zebra mussels are suspension feeders, eating phytoplankton, small zooplankton, large bacteria, and organic detritus by filtering the water and straining out the edible material.

Zebra mussels can cause damage in many ways.

• They filter out algae that native mussels, fish, and other primary consumers need for food.
• Clutches of zebra mussels will attach to native mussels causing the native mussel to starve.
• Power plants spend millions of dollars removing zebra mussels from clogged water intakes.
• They can damage boats by encrusting boat hulls and clog water systems used in boat motors

Learn more about zebra mussels and how they impact aquatic ecosystems and the economy

• https://www.maisrc.umn.edu/zebramussels
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5NCA2ndxaY
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E4Y5ILzKgHg&t=61s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LVL72VjHK1I

Written by Jim Page and Rebecca Brown

Aquatic Nuisance Species.  When many folks in Georgia think of those terms, several species may immediately come to mind: flathead catfish, spotted bass, hydrilla, water hyacinth, snakeheads, or blueback herring, just to name a few.  While each of these are classic examples of aquatic nuisance species (ANS) that have been found in Georgia, there are other ANS that occur here that may not be at the tip of the tongue.  Two of these critters are animals that impact both our aquatic AND terrestrial ecosystems:  nutria and feral hogs.   

The Swamp Rat

It’s easy to think of fish when discussing ANS, but rarely do people think about the “swamp rat” that also bears the ANS title.  Native to South America, nutria is a large rodent similar to a cross between a beaver and a muskrat, having a long slender tail and webbed feet.  Introduced into the U.S. during the early 1900’s by fur traders, it was believed that the species would boost the fur industry and generate easy money.  Nutria were kept and raised in captivity in several locales throughout the U.S. as fur-traders banked on the species being the future of the fur industry.  However, the crash of the fur trade brought about the release of hundreds/thousands of nutria nationwide.  The subsequent consequences of such releases were felt soon after.  A voracious eater, these herbivores can consume 25% of their body weight each day (similar to grass carp) munching on the roots of wetland vegetation.  The consumption of these roots caused historical wetlands to transition into open water habitat.  Additionally, the species was found to tunnel along the banks of streams and rivers, causing damage and increasing soil erosion.  Thus, what started as a release with no intentional harm of a cute furry critter resulted in significant ecological impacts and the loss of precious wetlands around the country.  The impacts of nutria continue to this day, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the nutria as one of the top 100 world’s worst invasive species.

The Opportunistic Omnivore

Unfortunately, nutria were not the only furry critters to be introduced into the U.S. that have ended up being a nuisance in the aquatic world.  As early as the early 1500’s, early European settlers brought with them domestic pigs.  Unfortunately, some of these pigs escaped captivity and began life anew in the wild.  The additional introduction of wild boar into the U.S. by hunters in the 1900’s resulted in what we now have today:  a feral swine population which is a mix of wild boar, escaped domestic pigs, or a hybrid of the two. 

For many of us, the memories of Wilbur in “Charlotte’s Web” makes us question what can be so wrong with have these potbellied porkies running loose in our ecosystem.  Though they may seem innocent, feral swine, or wild pigs, have caused some of the most significant negative impacts to our ecosystems.  In fact, some scientists say wild pigs are the greatest vertebrate modifier of natural communities in the United States.  A walking vacuum, they will eat just about anything that can fit into their mouth.  In the process of searching for food, they root around in the soil, causing significant destruction to many of our native plant communities and agricultural crops.  The USDA estimates feral pigs cause around two billion dollars of damage each year!

The feeding habits of feral pigs have reduced plant and forest communities and caused an increase in soil erosion.   Adding to the damage is their love for wallowing in moist soil located in and near riparian zones and wetlands, destroying vegetation and loosening the soil in these sensitive areas.  Loosened soil is later washed into local streams and rivers, creating sedimentation and water clarity issues.  Additionally, the waste from pigs contains vectors for disease and nutrients which are added to waterways as part of surface runoff.  Too many nutrients can cause algal blooms or hypoxic zones, which can easily lead to a fish kill.   

The aquatic impacts of feral swine are not limited to freshwater ecosystems.  Since their arrival onto barrier islands along the Georgia coast hundreds of years ago, feral pigs have created significant problems in the marine ecosystem.  In addition to destroying plants on these island ecosystems, the feral pig has created significant harm to one of our most treasured coastal inhabitants – sea turtles.  Egg-bearing sea turtles utilize the beaches of barrier islands for nesting, digging shallow holes above the high-tide mark and depositing several dozen eggs before covering them up and returning to the ocean.  The keen nose of the feral swine has proven to be efficient in detecting the nest of these endangered and threatened turtles, and upon discovering a nest feral pigs will dig up the nest and destroy the eggs.  Such destruction can have detrimental impacts to the stability of sea turtle populations and to our continued efforts to protect them.  

Our Choices

The introduction of ANS species like feral swine and nutria have taught us many lessons, perhaps none more important than the fact that releasing species in areas outside their native range can have devastating ecological and economic impacts.  Though the introduction of these 2 species was not done with ill intention, it should be a lesson to us that such actions, well intended or not, can create significant challenges and hardships for our native species and environments.  As humans, it is the responsibility of each of us to aid in the proper management of the ecosystems in which we live and call home.  We need protection of sea turtle nests if growth and sustainability of the species our goal.  We need protection of our sensitive wetlands and other terrestrial habitats susceptible to destruction by introduced species like nutria.  We need stable plant communities along riparian zones to reduce the amount of sediments that are washed into our waterways during rainfall, creating turbidity issues and reducing the amount of sunlight in the water needed by plants for photosynthesis.  Sediment pollution in aquatic ecosystems can clog fish gills, causing increased stress for and decreased ability of the fish to resist disease.  An excess of suspended sediments can decrease visibility for visual predators like trout and black bass species.  Eventually these suspended sediments begin to settle and blanket gravel beds with sediments, possibly covering fish eggs and other aquatic organisms.  This sedimentation process alters the geology and diversity of the aquatic ecosystem and degrades viable habitat for aquatic organisms.  Both the nutria and the feral pig contribute to these and other problems, and thus we need to learn from the choices of our past and not continue to repeat them.

Educate Others

Feral swine and nutria are now well-established and, though we wish we could turn back the hands of time, we cannot and thus must live with our choices.  However, the choices of tomorrow do not have to mirror the choices of our past.  It is important as fisheries professionals that we educate the public about the consequences of introducing non-native species into aquatic ecosystems.  It is imperative that we take the time to visit schools, speak to civic groups, utilize social media and other outreach platforms, and share with this generation and the next the importance of understanding the negative impacts our native species will endure should we choose to continue introducing ANS in our state and beyond.  How many of us have reached out to our own family members or friends and shared our knowledge and expertise?    Knowledge is power…spread the word…stop the ignorance!

“The ecosystem is greater than the sum of its parts.” Eugene Odum

All around the world conservation groups, government agencies, academic institutions, and private companies are working together in efforts to restore aquatic connectivity and reduce habitat fragmentation by razing dams and restructuring road-stream crossings.  Georgia has its fair share of aquatic connectivity projects.  We have seen the removal of dams on the Chattahoochee River in Columbus and the removal of White Dam in Athens.  One project you may have not heard of is the Mill Creek/Rocky Flats Fish Passage Project in the Chattahoochee National Forest in Murray County. 

The Mill Creek Fish Passage Project was a joint effort between The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Georgia DNR.  A damaged culvert was replaced with a bottomless arch culvert (pictured).  The streambed of this popular trout stream was restored to its natural condition.  Several threatened and endangered aquatic species like the Blue shiner and the Georgia Pigtoe will now be able to utilize the several miles of valuable habitat located upstream of the Rocky Flats trail.

Comparable to dams, culverts can fragment habitats and create barriers which restrict movement up and downstream for aquatic organisms.  This restriction can lead to increased competition for food, habitat, and mates; increases in predation; and an interruption of natural breeding and spawning cycles.  Furthermore, these barriers can affect genetic diversity when populations of fish are separated into localized groups.  The restoring of aquatic connectivity is necessary to allow aquatic ecosystems to interact and increase biodiversity.   The conservation of biodiversity is crucial in preserving ecosystem resiliency.

Read more about some of Georgia’s aquatic connectivity projects.

• Mill Creek/Rocky Flats Fish Passage Project
• White Dam Removal: https://www.warnell.uga.edu/research/news/one-year-later-dam-removal-already-reveals-benefits
• Stream restoration in Columbus: https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/stream-restoration-in-columbus-georgia/

World Fish Migration Day is October 24, 2020 (Connecting fish, rivers, and people)

Georgia Aquatic Connectivity

Written by David Beasley, Director of Fisheries at SOLitude Lake Management

The Cohoke Fishing Club is a 47-member private sports club formed in 1900 in Central Virginia. The property is home to an 85-acre mill pond that was built in 1678. Throughout the club’s existence, quality Largemouth Bass catch rates have been inconsistent. In 2009 the fishery was at a low point; the bass were poor in quality, the catch rates were down and the pond was overrun with hydrilla. The club opted to work with a professional fisheries management company to achieve their goal of improving the bass population.

An initial assessment that included electrofishing and habitat surveys was conducted to identify limiting factors and formulate an effective fisheries management strategy. Following this step, meetings were held with club members to review the collected data, gather opinions, and design a comprehensive management plan based on goals and budget:

Hydrilla Management

The first management step was to eradicate the invasive hydrilla present throughout the waterbody. Based on the budget and site conditions, the best long-term, budget-friendly control method available was to stock Triploid Grass Carp. This was done in the spring of 2010 in combination with a 10-acre herbicide treatment at the upper end of the pond to ensure anglers had access to the entire waterbody. With these combined approaches, the hydrilla was reduced by 100 percent within the first growing season.

Fish Stocking

Because members had elected to manage the fishery on a relatively low budget, it was important for the club to focus on improving the predator- to-prey ratio and fish habitat. Initial electrofishing results indicated that Gizzard Shad comprised the majority of the forage base. On the other hand, Bluegill and other sunfish were low in population due to decades of anglers harvesting all Bluegill and releasing all bass. This past approach played a role in the shad’s dominant position. To help rebuild the population while working with a small budget, 6,000 adult Bluegill were stocked and creel limits were altered to release all Bluegill while harvesting intermediate size Largemouth Bass.

Fish Cover and Nuisance Wildlife Removal

Club members added habitat strategically throughout open water to create cover for bass to ambush the shad. The fish cover installed also helped all species avoid predation from otters and cormorants during the cooler months, in particular, when water clarity improves and fish slow down due to cold water temperatures. In response to the large number of otters observed in the pond, an annual trapping program was implemented to reduce their population. Both of these strategies underscored the club’s goal of creating a self-sustaining, abundant forage base capable of supporting trophy bass.

Productivity

Improving the fishery’s productivity was an important step in the process of boosting the forage fish population. In 2010, extensive water quality data was collected to better understand the limiting factors. The waterbody was then put on a fertilization program as well as a water quality monitoring program to help ensure success. In addition to fertilizing, multiple fish feeders were installed to boost Bluegill growth rates and rebuild their depleted population. 

Member Education

The final step in the process was education; if fishermen do not follow through with the management tasks required, then the fishery will not meet its potential. As is the case with many fishing clubs, the members had to overcome internal struggles in order to achieve the desired results. Members were instructed to no longer catch and release intermediate size bass. It is often very difficult to get anglers on board with doing the opposite of what their parents and grandparents had taught them, even when frustrated with the existing fishing conditions. The inherited resistance to harvesting bass was the primary hurdle preventing the pond from producing more consistent, high quality fishing.

2015 marked five years since the management strategy was set in motion. Over that time, the management tasks were carried out annually. Although all of the club members would not consistently conform to harvest recommendations, they did make strides in the right direction. Creel limits for Largemouth Bass were followed, but revised. Even though the club members failed to harvest the recommended number of bass within the first couple of years, over time they were able to get the member buy-in and make a significant impact. In the process of harvesting Largemouth Bass, efforts were also made to remove all other predators present in the pond, including black crappie, chain pickerel and white perch – and this proved to be a very effective strategy.

In line with the concern of some anglers, catch rates gradually decreased by around 20 percent over the years, but the quality of the bass increased significantly. The fishery transformed from anglers catching only one 15-inch bass for every five bass caught, to greater than 50 percent of the bass caught being greater than 15in. The 20 percent lower catch rate in exchange for a very positive shift in the quality and size of the fish has garnered enough support from the club’s members to start harvesting all bass less than 15in beginning in 2016. 

The extensive historical fishing data from this pond illustrates that it has the potential to become great. In order for the club to continue with its success, it will need to stay focused on each of the following variables that impact bass growth: predator-to-prey ratios, water quality, plankton production, fish cover, otters, record keeping and harvesting. 

David Beasley is the Director of Fisheries at SOLitude Lake Management, the nation’s leading environmental firm specializing is sustainable lake, stormwater pond, wetland and fisheries management solutions. To learn more about this topic, please visit www.solitudelakemanagement.com.